EMIGRATION

TOPIC: EMIGRATION

PLAN

INTRODUCTION
I/ DEFINITION
II/ PRE-MODERN EMIGRATION: HISTORY
III/ TYPES OF EMIGRATION
1/ THE CYCLIC MOVEMENT
2/ THE PERIODIC MOVEMENT
3/ THE EMIGRATORY
4/ RURAL EXODUS

IV/ CAUSES OF EMIGRATION
1/ PULL AND PULL FACTORS
2/ CLIMATES CYCLES CAUSES
3/ INDUSTRIALIZATION CAUSES

V/ MANIFESTATIONS OF EMIGRATION
1/ OFFICIAL EMIGRATION
2/ CLANDESTINE EMIGRATION

VI/ EFFECTS OF EMIGRATION

VII/ HOW TO REDUCE EMIGRATION?

CONCLUSION


INTRODUCTION

Began high time, emigration is accelerated during that technology and big stories installations in the world, since the 18th century. It is causing climate, earth warning and rarity of rain which endanger faunal and floral species and people life. These phenomena do that, the environment does not procure food and protect people life. People displace from their home to take place else where: it is emigration of population.
Also conflicts and wars increase emigration in the world.


I/ DEFINITION OF EMIGRATION

Emigration of population is the movement of people out of theirs continents, region sour countries to take place elsewhere. .for example Europeans people emigrate to the America to take place 20 to 15 years ago end by 2 years ago, most of the pacific islands where colonized.


II/ PRE-MODERN EMIGRATION: HISTORY

Main articles: early human emigrations and History emigration. 2nd to century period. Historical emigration of human population begins with the movement of Homo erectus out of Africa across Eurasia about a million year ago. Homo sapiens appear to have colonized all of Africa about 150,000 years ago, moved out of Africa 70,000 years ago, and spread across Australia, Asia and Europe by 40,000 years ago. Emigration to the America took place 20 to 15,000 years ago, and by 2,000years ago, most of the pacific Islands were colonized. Later population movement nobobly include Neolithic Revolution, Indo-European expansion, and the early medieval great emigration including Turkic expansion.
Archaeological evidence indicates that the ancestors of the austronesions spread from the south Chinese mainland to Taiwan at some time around 8,000 years ago.
Before the expansion of the languages and and their speakers, the southern half of Africa is believed to have been populated by pygmies and khoison speaking people, to day occupying the arid regions around the Kalahari desert and forest of central Africa. By about 1000 AD Bantu emigration had reached modern day Zimbabwe and Africa. The Bantu Hilal and Bantou Ma'qil were a collection of Arab Bedouin tribes from the Arabian Peninsula who emigrated westward via Egypt between the 11th and 13th centuries. Their emigration strongly contributed to the urbanization and islamisation of the western Maghreb, which was until then dominated by Berber tribes. Astsiedlung was the medieval eastward emigration and settlement of Germans. The 13th century was the time of the great Mongol and Turkic emigration across Eurasia.
Also, 1973, there are in Burkina Faso, people begins to emigrate into Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon, Guinea to work in cacao and coffee fields because the president Houphouet Boigny and Omar Bongo had asked them.


III/ TYPES OF EMIGRATION

1/THE CYCLIC MOVEMENT

The cyclic movement which involves commuting a seasonal movement and nomadism.

2/ THE PERIODIC MOVEMENT

The periodic movement which consists of emigrant labour, military service, and pastoral faming transhumance.

3/ THE EMIGRATORY MOVEMENT

The migratory movement that moves from the eastern part of the US to the western pat. It also moves from china to southest Asia from Europe the North America, and from South America to the middle part of the America.

4/ RURAL EXODUS
Rural exodus, emigration from rural areas to cities.

IV/ CAUSES OF EMIGRATIONS

Causes of emigration have modified over hundreds of years. Some cases are constant, some of them do not carry the some importance as years (for example: 18th and 19th centuries labour migration did not have the some character like to day).
In general, we can divide factors causing emigrations into many groups of factors:

1/ Push and pull factors
Push and pull factors are those factors which either forcefully push people into emigration or attract them. A push factor is forceful, and a factor which relates to the country from which a person emigrates. It’s generally some problem whish results in people wanting to emigrate. Different types of push factors can be further below. A push factor is a flaw or distress that drives a person away from a certain place. A pull factor is something concerning the country to rohich a person emigrates. It's generally a benefit that attracts people to certain.

2/ Climates cycles and emigration
The modern field of climate history. Suggests that the successive waves of Eurasion nomadic movement throu ghout history have had their origins in climatic cycles, which have expanded or contracted pastureland in central Asia (Mongolia and Altai) and North of Africa (Sahara). People were displaced from their home ground by other trying to fing lond that could be grazed by essential flocks, each group pushing the next further to the south and west, into the highlands of Anatolia, the plains, of Hungary rich pastures of china or of America and Europe.

3/ Industrialization cause
While the pace of emigration had accelerated since the 18th contury already (including the involuntary slave), it would increase further in the 19th contury. Manning distinguishes three major types of emigration: labour emigration, refugee emigrations, and lastly, urbanization. Millions of agricultural workers lift the countryside and moved to the cities. Causing onprecedented levels of urbanization. This phenomenon began in Britain in the late 18th contury and around the world and continues to this day in many areas.

The twentieth contury experienced also an increase in emigratory flows caused by war and politics. Muslins moved from the Balkan to turkey, while christianias moved the other way during the collapse. Of the Ottoman Empire. 400000 Jews moved to Palestine in the early twentieth century. The Russian civil war causes some 3 millions Russians, poles and Germans to emigrate out of the Soviet Union. World II and decolonization also caused emigrations any were in the world.
For example World War II displaced 20 millions people from their home.


V/ Manifestations of emigration

Manifestation of emigration can divide into two groups: official emigration and clandestine emigration.
- Official emigration obeys law of administration. The interesting people benefits in aid part of administration (visa, carte d’indentity, passport….). They aren’t problem in the countries which, they emigrates.
- Clandestine emigration doesn’t obey law of administration. They aren’t papers which show their identity. They expose with many problems such as expulsion, requisitization. Also we can say that emigration manifest in the poor countries (African, Asia, Oceania countries) into riches or industrial counties (Europe, America…..).
This form of emigrations is call international or intercontinental emigration. For example young people of Africa emigrate to America and Europe to reach job. So as certain stay or come back in their countries.


VI- Effect of emigration

Emigration like any other process shapes many fields of life, having both advantage and disadvantages.
Effet of emigrations are:
- Changes distribution
- Demographic consequences: since emigration is selective of particular age groups, migrants are mostly young and in productive age. It can cause a demographic crisis-population ageing, what in tern can be followed by economic problems (shrinking group of economically active population has to finance extending group of inactive population).
- Economic results, which are of the greatest importance for the development of the countries. Emigration has a significant effect on world geography.
- It has contributed to the evolution and development of separated cultures.
- It contributed to the diffusion of cultures and communication.
- It has contributed to the complex mix of people and cultures found indifferent regions of the world today.


VII- How to reduce emigration?
To reduce or to eradicate emigration in the world, we suggest the following measures.
First off all, it is important to sensitize the population about the problem role played by emigration. For example, if they will aware that their successful aren’t based to emigrate, they will stoy in their countries and to succeed. Second, government must make many employ for the young people. Indeed, popularization irrigates agriculture by making many road blocks and popularizes agriculture technology (tractor, harvester, seed select…). Also, government can help student associations or young organization by financial to make grow these enterprises or their work-shop. Third and last, people and government must find climate change of environment by reforestations, forbid the cutting of trees fining woodcutters, and reduce pollution of environment because these natural disasters accelerate emigrations. Also, environment is our shelter that we must do our best to find the best protective means.

Conclusion
The emigration is movement of population into other countries. This movement of population begins a long time. It does accelerate in the 18th century with industrialization wars, conflicts, push and pull, and natural disasters such as climate displacement of people meeting or causing many problems (social and cultural). However, it makes advantages (successful, diffusion of culture…).
But in generally, it is important to reduce emigrations by many measures (sensitization, make many employs and find depression) in order to hold back young people in their countries and help government to build their countries.



Sebgo Jemima N.W
Sou Clara
Nana Nadège
Traoré Alassane
Gampiné Aissata
Dimi Christelle